who is pompey in julius caesar

There were also people who thought that Pompey gave priority to his wedding over dealing with the crisis in the city, and he was also seen as being partial in the conduct of some trials. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Olthaces, the chief of the Colchians; the tyrants of the Cilicians; the female rulers of the Scythians and Menander the Laodicean, the commander of Mithridates' cavalry, were also paraded. Pompey's actions in Syria and Judea are known through the work of Josephus, the ancient Jewish-Roman historian. Sertorius reacted with severe punishments and started using a bodyguard of Celtiberians instead of Romans. Pompey left Arabia and went to Amisus. Pompey and Caesar then contended for the leadership of the Roman state, leading to a civil war. According to Plutarch, many of the senators and other high-ranking men who had joined Sertorius were jealous of their leader. Then, Antipater the Idumaean became the advisor to the weak-willed Hyrcanus and persuaded him to contend for the throne, advising him to escape to Aretas III, the king of the Arabian Nabataean Kingdom. While Pompey was marching on Jerusalem, he was informed about the death of Mithridates. During the winter of 64/63 BC, Pompey had wintered his army at Antioch, Seleucid Syria's capital. The sum distributed amounted, we are told, to 16,000 talents (384,000,000 sesterces). [47] Sertorius withdrew to Clunia, a mountain stronghold in present-day Burgos, and repaired its walls to lure the Romans into a siege and sent officers to collect troops from other towns. On Sulla’s orders the Senate gave Pompey the job of recovering Sicily and Africa from the Marians—a task he completed in two lightning campaigns (82–81). Pompey knew he could not reach his troops in Hispania because Caesar controlled Gaul and, therefore, blocked the land route into the Iberian peninsula. In chapter 28 of his Life of Julius Caesar, the Greek author Plutarch of Chaeronea describes what the two men thought in these weeks. However, weakening one of them would double the power of the other. He was a relatively apolitical person; he went with issue at hand. A number of the cities in Judea and Galilee also adopted the Pompeian era. According to Appian, the aim of this was to create prejudice against Caesar, who did not seem likely to give up his command, and to have a successor for Caesar's command appointed immediately, thus forcing Caesar to disband his armies, while Pompey retained his with impunity. [15] Cicero wrote that the divorce was strongly approved. Pompey tried to appear as if he was forced to accept the command because of the jealousy that would be caused if he would lay claim to the post and the glory that came with it. they were given self-government). He won over both the men who were sent to arrest him and then the soldiers who were sent against him afterwards. Although the nobles were to continue to dominate the consular elections in most years, the real sources of power henceforth lay outside of Italy. Editor of Greenidge and Clay's. In 65 BC, Pompey sent two of his lieutenants, Metellus and Lollius, to Syria, to take possession of Damascus. [170] In the Life of Pompey, Plutarch wrote that the laws proposed by Trebonius were in accordance with the agreement made at Lucca. In both versions, the violence among the three factions continued and the elections could not be held. There were 75,100,000 drachmas of silver coin and 700 ships brought to the port. Caesar took control of Rome in 49 BC and spent the next 18 months fighting Pompey. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Julius Caesar and what it means. Only Scipio Aemilianus had celebrated triumphs for victories in two continents (in Africa and Hispania). The first triumvirate had fallen apart long time ago. In capturing the farthest outposts possible, Pompey intended to cause Caesar to stretch his lines farther, and thinner, thereby exposing weak spots in the line. "[30] Pompey's proconsular mandate was extra-legal, as a proconsulship was the extension of the military command (but not the public office) of a consul. The procession included images of Tigranes and Mithridates, who were not present, and the sons and daughters of Mithridates who had died. [105], In Plutarch's account, Pompey was invited to invade Armenia by Tigranes’ son (also named Tigranes), who rebelled against his father. Pompey did not want to send his newly-recruited green forces against Caesar's battle-hardened veterans, so he decided to abandon Italy and called on all loyalist commanders to retreat south. According to Plutarch, Perpenna fled and left Sicily to Pompey. Curio maintained his stance that both men should lay down their command, because they were suspicious of each other and there would not be peace. The news created factional discord and unrest in Rome as it was thought that the death brought the end of the ties between Caesar and Pompey. He sent some to Dyme in Achaea. When Pompey returned to Rome, everyone welcomed him. The young Tigranes took refuge with Pompey as a suppliant with the approval of Phraates, who wanted Pompey's friendship. He resettled some of them in the city of Soli, which had recently been devastated by Tigranes the Great, the king of Armenia. However, Pharsalus was his only decisive defeat. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Latin: [ˈŋnae̯ʊs pɔmˈpei̯ʊs ˈmaŋnʊs]; 29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey the Great (/ˈpɒmpiː/), was a leading Roman general and statesman, whose career was significant in Rome's transformation from a republic to empire. His troops, however, found out his plans, seized Domitius as he was trying to escape, and took him to Caesar, who let Domitius go and even let him take his money with him. Soon after, in 68 or 69 B.C., he was elected quaestor (a minor political office). Metellus left the fight against Perpenna to Pompey. Pompey sought to contest each hilltop, thereby making the effort more difficult. It was made the military operational area for the 78–74 BC campaign of Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus. He was initially called Magnus (“the Great”) by his troops in Africa (82–81 bce), and he assumed the cognomen Magnus after 81. [8], Pompey served under his father's command during the final years of the Social War. Since two of Pompey's lieutenants, Metellus and Lollius, had already taken Damascus, Scaurus proceeded to Judea. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [85], Appian gave the same number of infantry and cavalry, but the number of ships was 270, and the lieutenants were twenty-five. In 51 BC, the consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus proposed to send a successor to take command of Caesar's provinces before his term of office had expired, whereas Pompey said that Caesar's command should come to an end on its expiration. He believed Caesar would be unable to pursue him to Greece because there were too few ships, and the winter, which made the Mediterranean difficult to sail, was approaching. Pompey decided to arbitrate the dispute later, at the beginning of spring, and marched to Damascus. He routed them, killing 9,000 of them and taking 10,000 prisoners. For the historians of his own and later Roman periods, Pompey fit the trope of the great man who achieved extraordinary triumphs through his own efforts, yet fell from power and was, in the end, murdered through treachery. [54], Pompey won against a poor commander and a disaffected army. Caesar pursued Pompey to prevent him from gathering other forces to renew the war. Appian gave an explanation for the young Tigranes turning against his father. Artoces delayed, but l, when the Romans crossed the Pelorus in the summer, he handed over his children and concluded a treaty. Realizing that escape for the whole army was impossible and that no relief was on its way, Domitius apparently decided to attempt to save himself and tried to escape the siege. However, in 79 BC, when Pompey canvassed for Lepidus and succeeded in making him a consul against Sulla's wishes, Sulla warned Pompey to watch out because he had made an adversary stronger than him. Cassius Dio wrote that Pompey displayed his "trophies beautifully decked out to represent each of his achievements, even the smallest; and after them all came one huge one, decked out in costly fashion and bearing an inscription stating that it was a trophy of the inhabited world". Some of his associates became estranged, a massive earthquake destroyed many towns, there was a mutiny by the soldiers and some of his sons were kidnapped and taken to Pompey. Straberius, the commander of the garrison, abandoned the city. Pompey entrenched a camp near this spot to gain land for fodder. He ordered the senators and officials to go with him, and to seize the public treasury to pay for the troops they needed to recruit. In January 10, 49 BC Caesar crossed the Rubicon River with one legion. In Rhodes, he listened to the sophist philosophers and gave them money. A conflict between the brothers Aristobulus II and Hyrcanus II over the succession to the Hasmonean throne began in Judea in 69 BC, in which Aristobulus deposed Hyrcanus. Perpenna responded with the carrot and the stick: he gave gifts, made promises and released some of the men Sertorius had imprisoned, while threatening others and killing some men to strike terror. Pompeius Strabo ascended the traditional cursus honorum, becoming quaestor in 104 BC, praetor in 92 BC and consul in 89 BC. When, in that war, Pompey was defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, he sought refuge in Egypt, where he was assassinated. Although Pompey never actually appears in this play he is important in helping to set the play's action in motion. According to Cassius Dio, this was for three years, not five. This completed the takeover of Syria. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Plutarch wrote that Tigranes forbade him from coming and put a reward on him, while Cassius Dio did not mention a reward. Corrections? However, Cilicia was not actually part of this, and he campaigned in eastern Lycia and Pamphylia. According to Appian, the war against the pirates lasted only a few days. Caesar was neither sure nor safe, whether he should come to Rome and run for consul. 81 BC – Returns to Rome and celebrates first triumph; 80 BC – Pompey marries Mucia, of the Mucii Scaevolae family; 71 BC – Returns to Italy and participates in the suppression of a. Pompey, or Pompey the Great, was a well known military leader of Rome. Cassius Dio gave a brief account of Pompey's campaign in Judea and wrote that, after this, he went to Pontus, which fits with Plutarch writing that he went to Amisus. Lucullus called Pompey a "vulture" who fed from the work of others, referring not merely to Pompey's new command against Mithridates, but also his claim to have finished the war against Spartacus. Julia became the fourth wife of Pompey the Great and was renowned for her beauty and virtue. Moreover, the Romans exacted of us, in a little time, above ten thousand talents; and the royal authority, which was a dignity formerly bestowed on those that were high priests, by the right of their family, became the property of private men. Extraordinary commands would have to be created if Rome was to recover control of the sea from pirates. In 77 BC, when Lepidus had left for his proconsular command (he was allocated the provinces of Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul), his political opponents moved against him and he was recalled from his proconsular command. He received his agnomen of Isauricus because he defeated the Isauri, who lived in the core of the Taurus Mountains, which bordered on Cilicia. The treasures went to the old king, who received far more money than had been agreed.[107]. About half of the people feared that he would not disband his army, seize absolute power by arms and hand power to the Sullans. When Pompey was about to cross the river, Artoces sued for peace. A little later, ambassadors from Hyrcanus and Aristobulus went to see him. This town also closed its gates, but surrendered when they heard about the fall of Gomphi. Pompey then set sail and stopped over only when he needed to get food or water. On many occasions, he acted very swiftly and decisively, as he did during his campaigns in Sicily and Africa, or against the Cilician pirates. Phraates then went back to his land, and Tigranes counterattacked, defeating his son. To promote his own agenda, Pompey aligned himself with Julius Caesar and Marcus Crassus in the First Triumvirate. Pompey renamed it Pompeiopolis.[89]. Pompey moved on to Colchis and wanted to march to the Cimmerian Bosporus against Mithridates. Caesar besieged Gomphi to gain its resources and to frighten the neighboring areas, taking it by storm in one day and quickly going to Metropolis. According to Appian, the next day, Sertorius attacked Metellus' camp unexpectedly, but he had to withdraw because Pompey was approaching. Theodotus argued that neither option was safe: if welcomed, Pompey would become a master and Caesar an enemy, while, if turned away, Pompey would blame the Egyptians for rejecting him and Caesar for making him continue his pursuit. They gave up large quantities of weapons, ships and shipbuilding materials. When he reached Egypt, the young Pharaoh, Ptolemy XIII, had Pompey killed and presented his head to Caesar as a gift. Pompey promised reforms at home and abroad. When the cavalry was attacked by Oroeses, it withdrew towards the infantry, which then engaged, letting the cavalry through its ranks. Pompey was granted an extension of his command in his provinces in Hispania and was given an annual sum for the maintenance of his troops. Part of the first triumvirate with Caesar, Pompey was known as Pompey the Great. [69][70], Neither Plutarch nor Suetonius[71] wrote that the acrimony between Pompey and Crassus stemmed from Pompey's claim about the defeat of Spartacus. [60][61], Pompey was granted a second triumph for his victory in Hispania, which, again, was extra-legal. [96] Lucullus was incensed at the prospect of his replacement by Pompey. He did not obtain satisfaction and planned to escape, so Pompey promptly put him in chains. He knew that the success would be ascribed to the one who came up with assistance, and not to himself. He specified that there were three Iberian chiefs and two Albanian ones. Aretas withdrew, and Aristobulus gathered an army, pursued him and defeated him. The eastern coast and the interior of Pontus plus the Bosporan Kingdom became client kingdoms under Pharnaces II of Pontus, the son of Mithridates who had rebelled against his father and gone over to the Romans. [230], This article is about Pompey the Great. When his men were driven within the rampart, Caesar attacked the camp. The nobles meanwhile had gradually reasserted their dominance in Rome and hampered attempts to alleviate the condition of Italy and the Roman populace. Some also claimed that his conquests were adding 85 million drachmas to the 30 million drachmas of the public revenues from taxes[139] and that he brought 20,000 drachmas in silver and gold. Calpurnius Bibulus subsequently retired from politics and Caesar had the acts of Pompey's settlements in the east passed. Pompey's arrival gave the men of Metellus Pius new hope and led to some local tribes, which were not tightly associated with Sertorius, to change sides. There were renewed and stronger calls for a dictator. On his arrival, Pompey cut to pieces 6,000 fugitives from the battle. [56] His departure from Hispania was marked by the erection of a Triumphal monument at the summit off the pass over the Pyrenees. Pompey was marching towards Candavia, a mountain district in Illyria. Pompey the Great, one of the great statesmen and generals of the late Roman Republic, a triumvir (61–54 bce) who was an associate and later an opponent of Julius Caesar. Once Pompey is out of the way, several leading Roman citizens, including Brutus, decide that Julius Caesar may become a dictator, now that he doesn't have to share his power with Pompey. Sixteen ships were sent to assist Massilia, which was under siege by Caesar's forces.[201][202][203][204]. Against Perpenna, a tactician far inferior to his former commander-in-chief, Pompey decided to revert to a more aggressive strategy and he scored a decisive victory that effectively ended the war. The other consul, Afrianius, whose election had been sponsored by Pompey, was of no assistance. Pompey was idealized as a tragic hero almost immediately after Pharsalus and his murder. "[19] His opponents dubbed him adulescentulus carnifex (adolescent butcher). Pompey did not contest Cato's view, which gave rise to suspicions about his real feelings towards Caesar.[181]. However, he then fled to the river. It was Pompey who benefited most from the restoration of tribunician initiative. Caesar kept moving his camp and was always on the march, so that he could get supplies from various places and wear out Pompey's army. When he refused to return, they declared him an enemy of the state, and, when Lepidus did move back to Rome, he did so at the head of an army. Caesar was not aware of this, however, some Gallic scouts who had defected from Caesar to Pompey spotted some of Domitius' Gallic scouts and informed them about the situation after Dyrrhachium. Inscriptions carried in front of the procession indicated the nations he defeated (the Kingdom of Pontus, Armenia, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Media, Colchis, Caucasian Iberia, Caucasian Albania, Syria, Cilicia, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Judaea and Nabataea) and claimed that 900 cities, 1,000 strongholds, 800 pirate ships and 1,000 pirates were captured and that 39 cities were founded. The people supported Hyrcanus, with only the priests supporting Aristobulus. The towns also experienced repopulation, with some of the exiles returning home and probably new settlers for the nearby areas and Hellenized Syrians being brought in. When the moon rose, it was behind the Romans, creating shadows and causing confusion for the enemy. [80] The optimates in the Senate remained suspicious of Pompey—this seemed yet another extraordinary appointment. The Pompeian camp proved to be inadequate to respond the obstructionism of the optimates. "[109] According to Plutarch and Cassius Dio, instead, it was at this point that Pompey turned north. "[14] Pompey later married Mucia Tertia, but there's no record of when this took place, the sources only mentioning Pompey's divorce with her. Pompey invaded Numidia and subdued it in forty days, restoring Hiempsal II to the throne. Caesar motivated his actions with the reven… Lucullus and others were determined to prevent the en bloc ratification of Pompey’s eastern settlement and to reject his demand for land for his veterans. With the prospect of a campaign against the pirates, the prices of provisions fell. Together, these three men could break the resistance of the optimates. This post was instituted at times of severe grain shortages to supervise the grain supply. He was successful in battle; however, the war was dragging on and he opened a new front in Armenia. The following year, they captured the king. Although the imperial power did not honor Pompey as much as his archenemy, who was considered a god, his reputation among many aristocrats and historians was equal, or even superior, to Caesar's.[225]. In Plutarch, the Albanians at first granted Pompey free passage, but in the winter they advanced on the Romans who were celebrating the festival of the Saturnalia with 40,000 men. Plutarch wrote that "Crassus, for all his self-approval, did not venture to ask for the major triumph, and it was thought ignoble and mean in him to celebrate even the minor triumph on foot, called the ovation (a minor victory celebration), for a servile war. He turned away, loathing the man who brought Pompey's head. His reputation and the magnitude of his preparations provoked panic and the pirates surrendered, hoping to be treated leniently because of this. Pompey belonged to the senatorial nobility, although his family first achieved the office of consul only in 141. The opposing forces fought the Battle of Dyrrhachium. Pompey decided to hurry to Metellus Scipio to back him up or, should Caesar decide not to leave the coast, to attack Gnaeus Domitius himself. The Cretans called on Pompey to come to Crete, claiming that it was under his jurisdiction. The reconquest of Spain taxed Pompey’s military skill and strained his own and the state’s resources to the utmost. Against Caesar too, his strategy was sound. He collected it in such abundance that the markets were filled and there was also enough to supply foreigners. Clodius managed to have Cicero exiled, but soon, Pompey decided to have Cicero recalled to Rome, because Clodius turned against him. Because the wind was favorable, the Egyptians did not pursue them. Gaza and Raphia adopted the Pompeian era when reconstruction was completed, in 61 and 57 BC respectively. Unfortunately, the books of Livy, otherwise the most detailed of the sources, which cover this period have been lost. He attempts to make life fairer for the plebeians of Rome, though this … According to Plutarch, some advised driving Pompey away, and others welcoming him. According to Suetonius (Roman historian who wrote The Life of the Caesars), Caesar uttered the phrase alea iacta est (“the die has been cast”). The play opens with Julius Caesar having defeated his former friend and co-ruler Pompey, and everyone in Rome congratulating him on that. Gaius Julius Caesar (/ ˈ s iː z ər / SEE-zər, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ˈjuːliʊs ˈkae̯sar]; 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.. The following decade was the period of his ascendancy in Italy, an ascendancy that was to be eroded through Caesar’s growing military power and gradual capture of Pompey’s worldwide clientelae, from the power base Caesar, in turn, created in northern Italy and Gaul. Domitius had thirty-one cohorts at Corfinium and decided to make a stand, probably figuring that, outnumbering Caesar 3:2, he had a chance to halt the Caesarian advance. It worked, and Caesar's men defeated the enemy. However, the Periochae, a short summary of Livy's work, records that "Marcus Crassus and Gnaeus Pompey were made consuls... and reconstituted the tribunician powers. The optimates were unhappy about so much power being given to Pompey and saw this as the establishment of a tyranny. Metellus then promptly defeated Hirtuleius at the Battle of Italica and marched after Sertorius. [48][49] Pompey got his money and was stuck in Hispania until he could convincingly beat Sertorius. Pompey married Sulla’s stepdaughter. He was an active participant in Roman politics, in which he controlled the food supply and conquered many foreign regions in the name of Rome (Woolf, 139).

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